語篇中事(shì)件(jiàn)總是(shì)要(yào)按時(sh•"→<í)間(jiān)順序來(lái)叙述,人(rén)和(hé)物(wù)體(tǐ)總是(sh♥ ✘ì)要(yào)按空(kōng)間(jiān)順序加以描寫,時(sα'•hí)間(jiān)和(hé)空(kōng)間(jiān)是(sh$ì)構建語篇的(de)十分(fēn)重要(yào)的(de)參照(zhào)框架,是(shì)行($€xíng)文(wén)的(de)重要(yào)依據。不(bù)論是★₹(shì)綜合語(synthetic language)還(hái)是(shì)分(fēn≥¥)析語(analytic language)都α£(dōu)必須按一(yī)定的(de)時(shí)空(kōng♥÷)框架構建語篇,隻不(bù)過前者的(de)臨摹性不(bù♣Ω)如(rú)後者強,是(shì)語際轉換中應該著(zhe)意處理(lǐ)的(de)βσσ 。
現(xiàn)實世界中,動作(zuò)/事(shì)件(jiàn)均依時(shí)間(€$₩φjiān)順序發生(shēng),一(yī)旦發生(shēng)其順序便不™≤↔(bù)會(huì)逆轉。但(dàn)反映到(dào)語篇中,不(bù)同語言的(de)編碼∞¥&方式就(jiù)不(bù)同了(le)。比方說(shuō)英語和(hé)漢語,英語¶ π&中可(kě)以說(shuō) When I entered his office, h÷↑e stood up to greet me. 也(yě)可(kě)以說(s'∞→huō) He stood up to greet me when I entered hi∞™s office. 但(dàn)漢語隻能(néng)說(shuō)“我一(y♥≥αī)走進他(tā)的(de)辦公室,他(tā)便起身(shēn)和λ∞'(hé)我打招呼”,而不(bù)能(n≈×éng)說(shuō)“他(tā)便起身(shēn)和(hé)我打招呼,我一±"(yī)走進他(tā)的(de)辦公室。&rdq♦∞©♠uo;這(zhè)顯然是(shì)因為(wèi)漢語§>♣>較之英語對(duì)現(xiàn)實世界♦ ×具有(yǒu)更強的(de)臨摹性。
看(kàn)下(xià)面的(de)譯例:
She found herself minus the leg one week af §ter consulting a doctor abou®♠ t a persistent swelling she attrπ<ibuted to hard work and play in New Y$ork City - it was anα$ inoperable bone tumor. While≈>↓¶ it saved her life, an ensui ₹¶∏ng year of chemotherapy reducedλ$♣ the once stunning model to a bald✔ λ≥ shadow of her former self.
在詢問(wèn)醫(yī)生(shēng)為(wèi)什(shén)'•麽持續腫脹一(yī)個(gè)星期之後,她(tā)失去(qù)了(le)一(yī)δ÷¶£條腿。她(tā)曾認為(wèi)是(shì)由于工(gōng)作(zuò)勞累和(↑$hé)在紐約市(shì)遊玩(wán)造成的(de)。這(zhè)是(shì)一(yī)<>< 個(gè)不(bù)宜手術(shù)的(de)骨瘤。雖然手術(shù)挽救了(£♣le)她(tā)的(de)生(shēng)命,但(dàn)接∏φ®踵而來(lái)的(de)長(cháng)達一(yī)年(nián)的↑φ(de)化(huà)療使這(zhè)位一(yī) σ♠↔度豔麗(lì)銷魂的(de)時(shí)裝模特兒(é★¥₽∏r)秀發脫落,枯瘦如(rú)柴,失盡昔日(rì)風(fēng)采。
這(zhè)位譯者沒有(yǒu)注意到(dào)漢語更重自(zì ε)然時(shí)序的(de)臨摹性強的(de)特點,緻使譯文(wén♦Ω£α)多(duō)處發生(shēng)連貫失調。比如(r¥£☆£ú),“失去(qù)一(yī)條腿”的(de)原因是(®shì)什(shén)麽? 既然“不(bù)宜手術(sh←™'ù)”,怎麽“手術(shù)挽救了(l₹γβ♠e)她(tā)的(de)生(shēng)命?”如¥•ε(rú)果按照(zhào)自(zì)然時(shí)序将整個(gè)譯文(wén)結構重新調φλΩ整一(yī)下(xià),就(jiù)會(huì)文(wén)∏<€從(cóng)字順了(le):
她(tā)腿上(shàng)出現(xiàn)了(le)一(yī)個(gè£≠←∞)持續不(bù)消的(de)腫塊,原以為(wèi)是(shì)在紐約又(yòu)工(gōn®↕©g)作(zuò)又(yòu)遊玩(wán)®↑ε累的(de),看(kàn)醫(yī)生(shēng)之後才知(zhī)道(dào)是(shì♦•§)骨瘤,而且不(bù)能(néng)手術(shù)。一(yī)周後她 $₩¶(tā)便截了(le)那(nà)條腿。截肢雖然挽救∞>了(le)她(tā)的(de)生(shēn÷ <∏g)命,但(dàn)接踵而來(lái)的(de)長(cháng)達一(yī)年(nián)的λ€$δ(de)化(huà)療使這(zhè)位一(γ γyī)度豔麗(lì)銷魂的(de)時(shí)裝模特幾秀發脫落,枯瘦如(rú)柴,失←€↔ε盡昔日(rì)風(fēng)采。
空(kōng)間(jiān)順序在組句成篇的(d ₹e)過程中也(yě)是(shì)很(hěn)重要(yào)的(de)。不(bù∑↑")同語言對(duì)空(kōng)間(jiā★→n)順序的(de)編碼也(yě)不(bù)盡相(x≤ iàng)同。比如(rú)下(xià)面一(yī)個(gè)簡單的(de)譯例:
莫高(gāo)窟大(dà)門(mén)外(wài),有(yǒu)一(yī)條河(hé≠∏¶♥),過河(hé)有(yǒu)一(yī)溜空(kōng)地(dì),σ×中高(gāo)高(gāo)低(dī)低(dī)建著(zhe)幾座僧人(rén)圓寂α§塔。(餘秋雨(yǔ):《道(dào)士塔》)
Outside the entrance to the Mogao Grottoe₩↕☆•s flows a river, and across the ↔©™river is a piece of land on which sta©™π☆nd several stupas in honour o↓∏>₽f the deceased abbots of tγ he Mogao Grottoes.
譯例中畫(huà)線部分(fēn)是(shì)空(kōng)間(j₩γπiān)标記(space marker))。很(hěn)明(míng)顯,英語中的(de★∑)空(kōng)間(jiān)标記比漢語多(duō),空(kōn★"α€g)間(jiān)框架更為(wèi)外(wài)表化(huà)(externaliz¥∏ed)。而漢語中ゅ處由于省略了(le)“空(kōng)地φλ®(dì)上(shàng)”一(yī)詞,使空(kōng)間(jiān≠✔± )概念失去(qù)了(le)其語言編碼标記,隻能(néng↓≤βφ)由讀(dú)者意會(huì)。英譯時(shí)加了(le)一(↑yī)個(gè)on字,才使空(kōng≤φ↔♥)間(jiān)概念顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)。
空(kōng)間(jiān)順序可(kě)進一(yī)步分Ωδ(fēn)為(wèi)曆時(shí)空(kōng)間(jiān)和(hé)共時(™♠•™shí)空(kōng)間(jiān),前者指随著(zhe)時(shí)間(jiān)的(>™ ≠de)推移而發生(shēng)變化(hu ←★à)的(de)空(kōng)間(jiān)關系,後者指(大(dà)體(tǐ))同Ω一(yī)時(shí)間(jiān)裡(lǐ)的(de)空(kōng)間(jiān)δ♠關系。下(xià)面一(yī)個(gè)譯例中就(jiù)兼有(y←∑λǒu)這(zhè)兩種空(kōng)間(jiān)關系。
……我們才過岱宗坊,震天的(de)吼聲就(jiù∏∏✘ )把我們吸引到(dào)虎山(shān)水(shu♠♥←ǐ)庫的(de)大(dà)壩前面。七股大(dà)水(shu↓∑≤ǐ),從(cóng)水(shuǐ)庫的(de)橋孔躍出,♣σ≠仿佛七幅閃光(guāng)黃(huáng)錦,直鋪下(xià)去σ₹&γ(qù),碰著(zhe)嶙嶙的(de)亂石,激起一(yī)片雪(x©≠¥uě)白(bái)水(shuǐ)珠,脫線一(yī)般,撒在回旋的(de)水(shuǐ)面。₩±←<我們繞過虎山(shān),站(zhàn)✔π★到(dào)壩橋上(shàng),一(yī)邊是(shì)平靜(jìng)的(de)湖×∏λ(hú)水(shuǐ),迎著(zhe)斜風(f€•φ∞ēng)細雨(yǔ),懶洋洋隻是(shì)欲"ε步不(bù)前,一(yī)邊卻暗(àn)惡叱咤,似有≈γ♠Ω(yǒu)千軍萬馬,躲在绮麗(lì)的(de)黃(huáng)錦底下÷×(xià)。……(《英漢對★ (duì)照(zhào)中國(guó)文(wén)學現(xià♠↔≤n)代散文(wén)卷》,244頁)
句群中畫(huà)線的(de)部分(fēn),“才過…&hellip♣€ε;繞過……”兩個(gè)動詞表明(míng)曆≈時(shí)空(kōng)間(jiān),“一(yī)邊…&h₹φellip;一(yī)邊……”則表明(míng)♣§共時(shí)空(kōng)間(jiān)。翻譯時(shí)應将這(zhè)種時(shí)空 (kōng)關系準确再現(xiàn)出來(lái):
Once through the Dai Zong Arch, we ✔'π¥were drawn by a thunderous roar to the↔★× huge dike of Tiger Mount Re≥₽¶servoir. Seven Torrentε¶s were rushing through the archways ofε" the bridge like seven glittering∞π rolls of cloth of gold cascading on to theΩ'♣ jagged rocks below and scat¥★αtering snow-white bubbles like a sα₩tring of broken beads on the swirlin₹≤↓g water. Skirting Tiger Mount weα♥©÷ walked on to this bridge and looked down on≠ π the placid reservoir on one side, onlλλ↑y slightly ruffled by the₹€ wind and seemingly too i"ndolent to stir, while the tumu→÷ ≠lt on the other side sounded♠∏™' like the tramping thuε←§nder of ten thousand horses' hooves be§®'★neath that sumptuous cloth of ε£₽&gold.
譯文(wén)中用(yòng) “Once t×←£Ωhrough....Skirting...” 再&★現(xiàn)曆時(shí)空(kōng)間(♦↓β≥jiān),用(yòng) “on one side..&hellipε•;.while..on the other side...&rdq★¶uo; 再現(xiàn)共時(shí)空(kōng)間(∑±™jiān),整個(gè)句群勾勒出清晰的(de)時(shí)空(kōng)構架。
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