秦始皇兵(bīng)馬俑是(shì)當地(dì)村(cūn)民(mín)1974年(nián)3¥&月(yuè)在田裡(lǐ)打井時(shí)偶'×然發現(xiàn)的(de)。經考古學家(jiā)探測，認定為(wèi)秦代兵(bīng)≤&馬俑坑。後經勘探和(hé)試掘，共發現(xiàn)三處兵(bīng)馬Ω€俑坑，按發現(xiàn)時(shí)間(jiān)€•€±把它們分(fēn)别定名為(wèi)兵(bīng)馬俑↓ π₽一(yī)、二、三号坑。三個(gè)坑總面積為(wèi)22，780平方米。
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Ter∏σ€ra-cotta Warriors and Horses were discovered aδ♦ccidentally in March 1974 when the local farmers ∑↔were digging a well in σ↓the fields. Archeologists believe that the ter©∑ra-cotta warriors and horse≈≤&₹s were from the Qin Dynasty. A¥↔↔♠fter many explorations and test excavation±α☆♦, three pits have been discovered, covering an≈€ area of 22,780 square m∑σ÷₽eters.
這(zhè)一(yī)發現(xiàn)震驚中外(wài)。為(wèi)了(le)保護這(π€πzhè)些(xiē)罕見(jiàn)的(de)曆史文(wén)物(wù)，1975年(ni₩₽án)國(guó)務院批準在一(yī)号坑原址上(shàng)建一(yī)座占≤↑地(dì)16，300平方米的(de)博物(wù)館。1979年(nián)國(guó)慶節博δ™物(wù)館正式對(duì)外(wài)開(kāi)放(fàng)。此後，兵(bī↔'☆ng)馬俑3号坑、2号坑國(guó)十大(dà)名勝之一(yī)，被聯合國↓±∞(guó)教科(kē)文(wén)組織列為(wèi)世界文(wén)化(huà)遺産。
This discovery created a >™world sensation. In order to protect these rare→£® historical relics, in <©↔✘1975, the State Council granted permiss↓←ion to construct a 16,300-square-meter mu±↓seum over the site of Pit No 1δ×. The museum was officiall¶₽≤≤y open to the public on the nation’s Nation ÷≈al Day, October 1, 1979. Later, exhibition halls §δ→δhousing Pit No. 3, No. 2 and the B♦ ↕ronze Chariots and Horses were built andλ♣• open to the public in ÷α♦•succession. The Museum₹♣α and the Mausoleum of Empero® ↕r Qin Shihuang have been ↔✘∑≥listed as one of the country’s ten greΩ≠δ at historical sites and designated bδ↑y the UNESCO as a World Culture HeriΩ↕γtage Site.
一(yī)号坑呈長(cháng)方形，東(dōng)西(xī)長(cháng)230↔" 米，南(nán)北(běi)寬62米，深5米，面<♦≤↔積16，620平方米。一(yī)号坑內(nèi←←)的(de)兵(bīng)馬俑完全按當時(shí)的(de)實戰軍陣排列。坑道(dào)的(deΩ≈₽)東(dōng)端長(cháng)廊裡(lǐ)站(zhàn)立著(zhe)三排武士俑，每排7' "γ0，共210件(jiàn)。這(zhè)些(xiē∞♣)武士身(shēn)著(zhe)戰袍，腳打綁腿，手持弓弩，面向東Ω(dōng)方，是(shì)整個(gè)軍陣的(de)前鋒部隊。其後是(shì)十道(dà§φo)土(tǔ)夯的(de)隔牆隔成的(de)11個(gè)過道(dào)，裡(✔•∞lǐ)面排列著(zhe)步兵(bīng)與車(chē)兵(bīng)相(xiàng)間≤≠(jiān)的(de)38路(lù)縱隊。兵(bīng)俑全部身(shēn)穿铠甲β•，手持長(cháng)兵(bīng)器(qì)。他(tā)們是(shì)整個(gè)軍陣的(₩γde)主力部隊。另外(wài)，在主力部隊的(de)南(nán)北(běi)和(hé)西(x÷♦ī)頭，分(fēn)别有(yǒu)一(yī)排武士俑，他(tā)們↑≠>©都(dōu)面朝外(wài)，分(fēn)别是(shì)主力部隊的σε(de)左右翼和(hé)後衛部隊。在試掘的(de)960平方米範圍β ¶≥內(nèi)，出土(tǔ)武士俑500多(duō)個(gè)，戰車(chē)4輛(®liàng)，挽馬24匹。據測量，一(yī)号坑共有(yǒu)兵(bīn±♦g)馬俑6000多(duō)件(jiàn)。
Pit No.1 is rectangular in shape. I×≤t is 230 meters from east to west, 62 meters fro↕Ω ₹m north to south, 5 meters ≤↕↓deep, and covers an area of 16,620 squaπ☆÷αre meters. Warriors in this pit are arranged >∑♦£in a practical battle array. In t≥↑he long corridor at the east end of the∑ pit stand three rows of terra-cotta warriorσ∏s, 70 in each, 210 in a♦ε&ll. Armed with bows and arrows, the soldier×∏s are wearing battle tunics and pu✘$ttees, and facing east. They are regarded as←÷₹ the vanguard of the battle formation. These ₩♦are followed by 38 columns of troops, consist>™ing of infantrymen and charioteer£§ s that are arranged in 11 corridors separateα'∞d by 10 earth-rammed ₹★•→walls. The warriors aε♣γll wear armors and carry long-shaft weapons.σ± They make up the main body of the battle×&☆α formation. Furthermore, at the north, south, and≠♦σ west end, there is one ro♣©w of terra-cotta warriors respectively, $>all facing outward. They are the ≠₽ flanks and rear guards of the e§₹ntire battle formation. From the 960 s≥αquare meters testing trenches, some¶↕ 500 warriors, 4 chariot'★★s, and 24 drafting horses haveβ≈↔ been unearthed. According ≈¶₩to the density, 6,000 pieces in all can be ex₹ cavated from Pit No.1.
二号坑呈曲尺形，面積6000平方米，是(shì)一(£∑yī)個(gè)由四個(gè)獨立的(de)單元、四個(gè)不(bù)同的(de±©≥)兵(bīng)種編制(zhì)而成的(de)混合軍陣。第一(y•£ī)單元是(shì)由334個(gè)弩兵(bīng)組成≈✔♦的(de)小(xiǎo)方陣。第二單元是(←>εshì)由64乘戰車(chē)組成的(de)方§✔陣。每乘戰車(chē)有(yǒu)三個(gè)軍士。第三♠>&單元是(shì)由19乘戰車(chē)和(hé)100個>π≥(gè)兵(bīng)俑組成的(de)方陣。第四單元是(shì)由6乘戰車(chē)、®'∏β124個(gè)騎兵(bīng)和(hé)鞍馬組成♥<≤的(de)方陣。四個(gè)單元既是(shì)一(yī)個(gè)互相(xià€↓'☆ng)緊密相(xiàng)連的(de)大(d€ à)軍陣，又(yòu)是(shì)四個(gè)獨立的(de)、靈活機δ§÷(jī)動的(de)、能(néng)攻能(néng)守的(de)小(xiǎ¶✘♦o)軍陣。據估計(jì)，二号坑可(kě)出土(tǔ)兵♣©♣(bīng)馬俑1，500多(duō)件(jiàn)。
Pit No.2 is “L”- λ®®shaped, covering an area of 6,δ←₩000 square meters. It is actually a mixed battlΩ≠e formation consisting of mi™¥litary forces in four separate arrays. The first™π array is composed of 334> archers， the second of 64 chariots with three £®₹warriors on each. Theδ÷£× third array includes 19 charioα♦♦ts and 100 warriors. The fα×ourth array consists of 6 chariots, 124 •←→★cavalrymen and saddled ho←<'§rses. Together, the four arrays constitut¥>σ♥e a large battle formationγφ♣↔, closely connected with one another. At the sam₽™πe time, each of the four arrays is an independen€ε↑t division, flexible and ca•≤δpable of both attacking ♥Ω¥₹and defending. It is estimaφ↓♣₽ted that altogether 1,500 pieces are×≥φ expected to be excavated from Pit No.2.&nbs↓ ≠p;
三号呈凹字形，面積520平方米，僅有(yǒu)4馬1車(chē)和(hé)68㣩尊陶俑。三号坑內(nèi)的(de)兵(bīng)俑是(shì)環繞周壁面對Ω "(duì)面夾道(dào)排列。他(tā)們手持一(yī)♥→α種專門(mén)用(yòng)于儀仗的(de)無刃長(cháng)兵(bīn≠Ω≥g)器(qì)。同時(shí)，坑內(nèi)還(hái)發現(xiàn)有(yǒu)用(yòng$©₩↕)于戰前占蔔和(hé)祈禱的(de)動物(wù)骨頭和(hé)鹿角殘迹。因此，考∞↕←♦古學家(jiā)認為(wèi)3号坑可(kě)能(↑✘β néng)是(shì)整個(gè)軍陣的(de)指揮部。
三個(gè)坑呈 “品&rdquo±§; 字形排列, 形成一(yī)個(gè)龐大(dà)的(de)軍事(shì)場(chǎ• ♠←ng)面：8,000 兵(bīng)馬，浩浩蕩蕩，待命征戰，顯示出一(yī)幅氣勢磅礴，雄偉壯™™≠觀的(de)動人(rén)場(chǎng)面。這(zhè)是(shì)秦始皇為(wèi)自(♦ zì)己所造的(de)一(yī)支守陵的(de)衛±↔戍部隊。
Pit No.3 is “U”-shaped, taking δ↓σ✘up 520 square meters with onlyδ₽↔± 4 terra-cotta horses, on≥≈e chariot and 68 armored warriors♣λ&✔ discovered. Warriors εφβhere stand in two ro☆↕↓ws, opposite to each &'±other along the wall. They carry a kα∞ind of long weapon, which has no blades and arαπ×e believed to be used by the guards of honor. ↕↕β≈Remains of animal bones and deer horns prα✘αobably used for sacrificial of♦¶¥©ferings and war praying are found in this pi&£δ$t. So archeologists believe it is★π the headquarters of the un™≈derground army.
The three pits are arranged i>€☆ n a triangle and form an ≠β®₹enormous battle array,™∞ π consisting of 8,000 warriors and hoλ'™£rses. Vast and powerful, tπ↕÷hey give us a grand view of a ₩€εmighty army in full battle array. The™&y are the garrison army ∑'✘molded to guard Emper'♥or Qin Shihuang tomb.
三個(gè)坑內(nèi)的(de)陶俑都(dōu)仿真人₩λ φ(rén)塑造，全身(shēn)彩繪。兵(bīng)俑的(de)隊列布局按将軍、$₩武官、武士等不(bù)同級别和(hé)步兵(bīng)、車(chē)™§β兵(bīng)、騎兵(bīng)等不(bù®©)同兵(bīng)種有(yǒu)序排列，他(tā)們容貌各異，個↑♠(gè)個(gè)神态逼真、栩栩如(rú)生(shēng)，顯•©¶¶示了(le)中國(guó)古代雕塑藝術(shù)的(de)高(gāo)超技(j&ε€ì)藝和(hé)民(mín)族風(fēng)格。
All the pottery figures were modeled life-size a€ ×☆nd were originally all color-painted. The war©→riors in the formation are arranged in acco≠<↔™rdance with their ranks-----generals,σ↔ officers and soldie'"rs, and their functions-----foot soldiers,☆↔σ charioteers and cavalrymen. The wλ✔®arriors vary from one another✘♥λ in feature and facial expressions, lookin©₽g lifelike and vivid. The™♣×₽y reveal the high artistic skill a←±♠nd national style of the group sculpture of anc×☆ient China.
除了(le)數(shù)以千計(jì)的(de)兵(bīng)馬俑外(wài)，三個(gè)坑< ☆¥內(nèi)出土(tǔ)了(le)數(shù)以萬計(jì)∞✔的(de)各種青銅武器(qì)，主要(yào)有(yǒu)刀(dāo)、劍、矛、↓∞φπ戈、 戟、弓、箭、弩、簇。特别引人(rén)注目的(de)一(yī)把青銅劍，雖在> 地(dì)下(xià)埋藏了(le)2000多(duō)•₽≤±年(nián)，仍不(bù)生(shēng→£)鏽。至今光(guāng)亮(liàng)如(rú)新，鋒利無比，一(yī)次能±¶(néng)劃透20張紙(zhǐ)。經檢測，這(zh©β è)把劍為(wèi)銅、錫合金(jīn)，并含有(yǒu)十多(duō)種稀有(yǒu)金(jīn ÷)屬，表面經過鉻的(de)處理(lǐ)，能(néng)防鏽防腐。這(zhè)表明(míng)200£δ☆φ0多(duō)年(nián)前中國(guó)的(de)鑄造工(gōng)藝和(hé)冶金(jīn)技(jì)術(shù)已達到(dào)驚人(rénπ )的(de)高(gāo)度。
Together with the warriors and horse©¶£®s are thousands of bron≈↕←ze weapons, including broad kn ↕₩ ives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halb±♠βerds, crossbows, arrows a§₩nd arrowheads. The mos©÷βt eye-catching among the weapo>≈ns is a bronze sword. Though buried under gr↔$λ✘ound for over two thousand years, t×♣↕he sword is rustproof, still bright an♥↕✘d sharp, and it can cut Ω≤§§through 20 sheets of paper pileπ₩∑→d together. Technical examination r>φ♥≈eveals that the sword ha γεs been cast of an alloy of copper an♥ αd tin. It also contains more t↕≈πhan ten other rare metal↑×s. The surface was coated with chromium that ha→♦♠s prevented corrosion and rust. This sho♦ws that 2,000 years ago China’s technique ←Ω of casting and metallurgy reached an amaz®™☆☆ingly high level.
1980年(nián)12月(yuè)，考古工(gōng)作(zuò)者在秦始皇陵西(x÷ī)側20米處發現(xiàn)了(le)兩組大(dà)型彩繪銅車(chē♠≈)馬，更是(shì)給博物(wù)館增加了(le)新的(d §εe)光(guāng)彩。根據發現(xiàn)順序，把這(zhè)兩組銅車(ch♣≥₽ē)馬分(fēn)别命名為(wèi)一(yī)号和(hé)二号車(chē)。•→兩組銅車(chē)均為(wèi)單轅車(chē)$®，各配四匹馬。一(yī)号車(chē)為(wèi§£✔ )“高(gāo)車(chē)”，禦手和(hé)乘坐(zuò)的(de₹₽)人(rén)均站(zhàn)立車(chē)上(shàng)。 二号車σ♣(chē)叫“安車(chē)”，分(fēn)前後兩乘室，中間(jiān£☆)相(xiàng)隔。禦手坐(zuò)前乘室，主人(rén)坐(zuò)後乘室。後乘室前面☆×及左右兩側各有(yǒu)一(yī)車(chē)窗(chuāng)，後面留門(mén)，可(♣★"kě)能(néng)是(shì)供秦始皇靈魂出遊時(shí)乘坐(zuò)的(de$×€λ)。銅車(chē)馬為(wèi)真人(rén)、真馬二分(fēn)之一(yī)大(d₹≈&≈à)小(xiǎo)，由3,400多(duō)個(gè)零部件(jiàn)組成，并有(yǒu)1≤∑÷,720件(jiàn)金(jīn)銀(yín)飾品，顯得(de)華麗(lì)富貴。據初步研究βλ≈，銅車(chē)馬的(de)制(zhì)造采用(yòng)了÷ ™(le)鑄、焊、鉚、鑲、刻等多(duō)種工(gōng)藝。
In December 1980, archeologists d₹• iscovered two teams ∞→ε♦of color-painted bronze chaπ↔riots 20 meters to the west of Q≥←in Shihuang’s mausoleum. This has adde✔±d more splendors to ✔♣σthe museum. They are lisβ↔ted as No.1 and No. 2 • chariot respectively according to the or₽γ₹←der of their discovery.↓ Both chariots are single-shaftδα and drafted by four horses.€ δΩ No.1 chariot was named Hig™ h Chariot. The charioteers and the passenγ φ☆gers all stood in it. N★®&§o.2 was named Security Chari• ©¥ot, which has two cabins; קδ∑the front compartment is for t↕↓he charioteer and the rear one is for t★÷βhe emperor. The rear comp®↑↕artment has a window on ₹<∑both sides as well as in the front and a d♥×γ←oor at the back. It is saδ"id that the chariots are ¥∑used to hold the emperor’s soul foΩδr inspection. The chariots and hors$¶£εes are half life-size, consisting of more tha ∞♣n 3,400 component parts and 1,Ω©720 pieces of gold and silver deco∑♦≠♠rations and ornaments. They are luxu∑>rious and graceful. Test studies h↔→≠§ave revealed that the making of the bronze chariots and horses &∞involve such techniques as☆≈₩♥ casting, welding, riveting, embedding, aδδnd chiseling.
銅車(chē)馬的(de)制(zhì)作(zuò)工(gōng)藝高(gāo)超，造型藝術(∏ ₹shù)逼真，是(shì)我國(guó)曆史上(shàng)最早、制(zhì)作(zuò)最精π←美(měi)的(de)青銅珍品，也(yě)是(shì₹✘₩)世界考古發現(xiàn)的(de)最大(dà)♣↑ 青銅器(qì)，證明(míng)秦代的(de)≈≠∞工(gōng)藝已經達到(dào)很(hěn)高(gāo)的(de)水(shuǐ¥$•)平。
The bronze chariots and horses were manufactu✔®αred with high technology and modeled viv∞φ→idly. They are the earliest±≥★ and most exquisite bronze treasures made in× Chinese history and the larg€σest bronze ware ever discovered in the£β history of world arch±₩>©aeology. They prove t £×hat the technique of chariot manufacture d✘®↔uring the Qin period was undoubtedly advanced.
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