世界各民(mín)族的(de)文(wén)學都(dōu)有(yǒu)自(zì)己↕α≈的(de)民(mín)族特點,在翻譯藝術(shù)中,我們主張保持文(> ±δwén)學作(zuò)品的(de)民(mín≠α★)族性,或者說(shuō)“民(mín)族外(wài)衣”(普希金(jīn)語)。
文(wén)學作(zuò)品的(de)民(mín)族性首先就(jiù)在于一(yī)個(gè≠☆)民(mín)族的(de)共同心理(lǐΩ✘♠)。一(yī)個(gè)作(zuò)家(jiā)可(kě)以取材于其它民(mí×↑n)族的(de)生(shēng)活,但(dàn)總是(shì)要(yào)表現(xiàn)出本民₽ (mín)族的(de)心理(lǐ)。取材于本民(mín)族生(shēng)活的(de)文αδε&(wén)學作(zuò)品,更是(shì)如(rú)此。民(mín)族心理(lǐ)并不(bù)是♦<→♦(shì)抽象的(de)東(dōng)西(xī),而是(shì)一γ±₽&(yī)定的(de)曆史時(shí)代的(de)反映。在翻譯藝術(shù)中,我們主&↔☆©張保持這(zhè)種民(mín)族心理(lǐ)。
例如(rú),中國(guó)人(rén)不(bù)喜歡感情外(wà•φδΩi)露,在文(wén)學中,就(jiù)非常講究含蓄,在詩歌(gē)"✘ 中尤其注重弦外(wài)之音(yīn),味外(wài)之味。
劉方平《春怨》:“紗窗(chuāng)日(rìΩ✔€)落漸黃(huáng)昏,金(jīn)屋無人(rén)見(jiàn)淚痕。寂寞→∞&空(kōng)庭春欲晚,梨花(huā)滿地(dì)不β ™(bù)開(kāi)門(mén)。” Giles譯為(wèi):
Dim twilight throws a deep¶β¶er shade across the window ≤✘↑φscreen;
Alone within a gilded hall h↑₽π"er tear-drops flow unseen.
No sound the lonely cou •←σrt-yard stirs; the spring is all but¥☆"∏ through;
Around the pear-blooms fade andΩα←∑ fall...and no one comes♦αε to woo.
譯詩最後一(yī)後行(xíng)半句and no one comλ€es to woo不(bù)含蓄,不(bù)合乎中國(guó)人(rén)的(de)心 ™↕★理(lǐ)。我們再看(kàn)Bynner的(de)譯文(wén):
With twilight passing her silken δ∞window,
She weeps alone in her chamber of gold;σ÷δ
For spring is departing ε∑ from a desolate garden,
And a drift of pear-petals is cl•®osing a door.
Bynner的(de)譯文(wén)比Giles的(de)譯文(wén)含δ©蓄多(duō)了(le),但(dàn)第三行(xíng)增加♦$§¶“for”一(yī)詞,仍不(bù)及♦☆原詩含蓄。
文(wén)學作(zuò)品的(de)民(mín)族性還(hái)在于生(shēng)活$ €畫(huà)面的(de)民(mín)族特點。我們主張保持這(zhè)種生(s∑σ¥hēng)活畫(huà)面的(de)民(mín)'族特點,尤其不(bù)主張在譯文(wén)中®≈✘≠使用(yòng)反映譯者本民(mín)族事(shì)物(wù)和(hε ♥é)概念的(de)詞彙。
李白(bái)《憶東(dōng)山(shān)》:“不(bù)向東(dōng)山(shān)久,薔薇幾度花(hu∞£ā)!白(bái)雲還(hái)自(zì)散,€₹♣明(míng)月(yuè)落誰家(jiā)?&ε✔↑rdquo;Fletcher譯為(wèi):
To Tung Shan Cave so long I h&¶ave not been!
How often have its roses fi ∞♥lled with bloom!
Its silver clouds all pass away unseen.
Descends Diana thereβφ? …… To visit whom?
Diana(羅馬神話(huà)中的(de)月(yuè)亮(liàng)和(hé)狩獵女(nǚ)β∞ε神,通(tōng)常譯為(wèi)狄安娜)出現(xiàn)在李白(bái)詩中,是(shì)不(bù)合适的(de)。文™''₹(wén)學作(zuò)品的(de)民(mín)族性還(hái)在于那∞₽(nà)個(gè)民(mín)族的(de)傳統的(d&e)文(wén)學手法和(hé)文(wén)學體(tǐ)裝。我們主張在可(kě)能(néng)£§★$範圍內(nèi)盡量保持這(zhè)種手法和(hé)體(tǐ)裁。
中國(guó)民(mín)歌(gē)中還(hái)有(yǒu)排比的(de)文¥•&¥(wén)學手法。如(rú)《木(mù)蘭詞》中的(de)“爺娘聞女(nǚ)來(lái),出郭相(xiàn✔×₹g)扶将;阿姊聞妹(mèi)來(lái),當戶理(lǐ)紅(hóng)妝;小(±★xiǎo)弟(dì)聞姊來(lái),磨刀(dā&×o)霍霍向豬羊。” Waley把這(zhè)種文(wén)學手法加以移植,譯為(wèi)±✘"✘:
When her father and mother heard that £☆ she had come,
They went out to the wall and led her back to t•≠ he house.
When her little sister heard that she ¥∏₹×had come,
She went to the door€Ω± and roughed her face afresh.
When her little brotherα' heard that his sister had come,
He sharpened his kniγ'fe and darted like a flash toward the pigs and sh σ§eep.
又(yòu)如(rú)中國(guó)古代詩人(rén)很(hěn)講究“空(kōng)靈”。所謂“空(φ←₹kōng)靈”,其實就(jiù)是(shì)一(yī)←₩λ¶種文(wén)學手法——✘ε詩人(rén)的(de)天真。如(rú)李清照®→(zhào)名句“隻恐雙溪舴艋舟,載不(bù)動許多(duō)愁,”≈¶ Candlin譯為(wèi):
Ah, but I fear
On River Shuang
The boats are frail.
They cannot bear
My weight of care.
詩人(rén)明(míng)知(zhī)“愁”無所謂載動載不(bù)動,∑¶§↕而故作(zuò)此說(shuō),這(zhè)就(jiù)是(sh©&ì)“空(kōng)靈”。
王安石詩句“春色惱人(rén)眠不(bù↓☆♥)得(de),月(yuè)移花(huā)影(yǐng)上(s✔₽≥hàng)欄杆,” Giles譯為(wèi):
Yet I am kept from slumber by the b♣α®∏eauty of the spring.
Sweet shapes of flowers acrα≠oss the blind the quivering moonbeams fling!↑♠↔
“惱”字未譯出,不(bù)及原詩空(kōng)靈。試比較Smi★∞th和(hé)Kotewell的(de)譯文(wén):
Spring's hues tease me, and I cannot slee₽±<p,
While the moon moves the shadows of the flowers §$up the balustrade.
以Spring's hues譯“春色”尚可(kě)商榷,但(dàn)“惱”字≠♠׶譯出,自(zì)較空(kōng)靈。
傳統的(de)民(mín)族文(wén)學手法中,也(yě)有(yǒα∏' u)一(yī)些(xiē)不(bù)能(néng)移植,而必須服從(cóng)另一(yī"γ)條客觀規律——文(wénπ<×)學譯品的(de)語言自(zì)然性。典故就(jiù)是(shì)難以移植的(de)手法之λ♣≈一(yī)。
《西(xī)廂記》中張生(shēng)自₩÷₽(zì)述:“暗(àn)想小(xiǎo)生(shēng)螢窗(chuāng)雪(xuě)案,₩ 刮垢磨光(guāng),學成滿腹文(wén)章(zhāng),尚在湖(hú)海(hǎi)飄零,何日∑<(rì)得(de)就(jiù)大(dà)志(zhì)呵≠δ φ!”熊式一(yī)先生(shēng)譯為(wèi):
I thought to myself that though I∏↔φ had studied by light of the fφ$↕☆ire-fly and reflection of the snow in or₩ε✔↑der to acquire a deep knowledge of φΩ✔literature, I am still a wanderer by lake an©÷d do not yet know when I shall be able to β∞∑fulfil my great ambition.
®→♥£ ™Ω✘ &✘©♥nbsp; (The Western Chambe☆$r)
“螢窗(chuāng)雪(xuě)案”照(zhào)δ₩γ字面直譯反失其真。因為(wèi)這(zhè)裡(lǐ)不(bù)過是(shì)用(yòng)×∏™£兩個(gè)典故來(lái)說(shuō)明(míng)張生(shēng)十年(niá±↔n)寒窗(chuāng)之苦,“螢窗(ch§γδuāng)雪(xuě)案”于張生(shēng)未必實有(yǒu)其事(♦γshì)。
一(yī)個(gè)民(mín)族的(de)俗語、諺語、成語之&≥→類往往反映出這(zhè)個(gè)民(mín)族的(de)文(wén)化(h¥÷✔uà)傳統和(hé)文(wén)學傳統。在翻譯中,應該根據語言上(shàn•≈↕g)的(de)考慮和(hé)藝術(shù)上(shànγε∏↔g)的(de)考慮,在可(kě)能(néng)範圍內(n≥λèi)加以移植,以保持作(zuò)品的(de)民(mín)族性。如(rú₽←↓)果語言上(shàng)或藝術(shù)≥≈•±上(shàng)不(bù)許可(kě),讀©¶♠(dú)者又(yòu)不(bù)能(néng₹©)接受,就(jiù)不(bù)要(yào)勉強移植。
1. An' after all ♦♠→ her bringin'-up an' what I tol✔&φ39; her an' talked wid her, she goes♣γ teh d'bad, like a duck teh water.
[譯文(wén)] 我生(shēng)她(tā)養她(tā),叮咛來(lái)囑咐去(qù)↔$,她(tā)還(hái)是(shì)去(qù)幹那(n ↓à)種醜事(shì),跟鴨子(zǐ)下(xià)水(shuǐ)一(yī)樣上∑©δ(shàng)了(le)瘾。(孫緻禮同志(zhì)譯文(wén),&略有(yǒu)改動)
2. Men sent flowers, love notes,ε☆ offers of fortune. And still her dreams ra∑>↔₩n riot. The one hundr¥₹≥ ed and fifty! The one bundred an♠ε≥♦d fifty! what a door to an Ala♣§ddin's cave it seemed to be∑∏.
&nb✔₩σsp;  ✘↑; &nb∑ sp; &nbs β p; &n®$→€bsp; ±♣↓ &nb©α sp; ♥β® © &n©λbsp; (☆¥γSister Carrie)
[譯文(wén)] 男(nán)人(rén)給她(tā)送花(huā),送情書(shū),送時(♥™↔shí)運。可(kě)是(shì)她(tā)還(há€i)幻夢無邊。這(zhè)一(yī)百五十塊錢(qián)!這(zhè)一(yī∞¥ )百五十塊錢(qián)!真象藏神燈的(de)山(shān)洞給阿拉丁打開(kāi)≈®←©了(le)大(dà)門(mén)。(裘柱♣&←常和(hé)石靈同志(zhì)譯文(wén))
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